An experiment was conducted at Phulbani, Odisha to examine the performance of three cropping systems (sole rice, sole blackgram and rice + blackgram) with nine different manure and fertilizer treatments under rainfed upland condition. Different nutrient treatments include Control (Farmers' practice- no nutrient); 100% recommended N through inorganic fertilizer; 50% recommended N through inorganic fertilizer; 25 kg N through FYM; 15 kg N through FYM + 10 kg N through inorganic fertilizer; 15 kg N through FYM + 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizer; 15 kg N through green leaf + 10 kg N through inorganic fertilizer; 15 kg N through green leaf + 10kg N through inorganic fertilizer; and 15kg N through FYM + 10kg N through green leaf. Based on the data on mean rice grain equivalent yield (REY) over 12 years from 1998 to 2009, cultivation of sole blackgram was found to be more remunerative (2.43 t ha^-1 REY) than sole rice (1.42 t ha^-1) or rice + blackgram (5:2) (1.28 t ha^-1). Considering the three cropping systems together, application of FYM to supply 15 kg N along with chemical fertilizer (urea) to supply 20 kg nitrogen + 40 kg P₂O₅ +40 kg K₂O was found to be the most effective (2.23 t ha^-1 REY) followed by the same dose of FYM with 10 kg N through fertilizer + 40 kg P₂O₅ +40 kg K₂O (2.19 t ha^-1REY). The best treatment registered 37% higher REY over the recommended fertilizer dose.