Association mapping or linkage disequilibrium mapping is extensively used in dissecting the genetic nature of many human diseases and now extended to plant system for mapping the complex loci. Association Mapping is a method used to detect QTLs controlling traits based on correlating genotype with phenotype. The main advantage of association mapping is the use of natural variability, relatively less expensive and less time requiring for mapping. The lead lecture includes linkage disequilibrium (LD), its assessment, mapping and generalized scheme for association mapping involving basic steps in mapping a complex trait. The talk also includes the association mapping study on cold stress tolerance, high temperature stress tolerance, early seedling vigour, grain protein content and grain Fe and Zn content in rice performed at National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.